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- <th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 5. 
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Getting Images Into GIMP</span>
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- <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pt02.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev" /></a> </td>
- <th width="60%" align="center">Part II. 
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">
- How do I Become a <acronym class="acronym">GIMP</acronym> Wizard?
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- <div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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- <div>
- <div>
- <h2 class="title"><a id="gimp-images-in"></a>Chapter 5. 
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Getting Images Into GIMP</span>
- </h2>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="toc">
- <p>
- <b>Table of Contents</b>
- </p>
- <dl>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect1">
- <a href="gimp-images-in.html#gimp-concepts-image-types">1.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Image Types</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect1">
- <a href="gimp-using-fileformats-creating.html">2.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Creating new Files</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect1">
- <a href="gimp-using-fileformats-opening.html">3.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Opening Files</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dd>
- <dl>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect2">
- <a href="gimp-using-fileformats-opening.html#id2588490">3.1.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Open File</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect2">
- <a href="ch05s03s02.html">3.2.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Open Location</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect2">
- <a href="ch05s03s03.html">3.3.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Open Recent</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect2">
- <a href="ch05s03s04.html">3.4.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">File Browser</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect2">
- <a href="ch05s03s05.html">3.5.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Drag and Drop</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect2">
- <a href="ch05s03s06.html">3.6.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Copy and Paste</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- <dt>
- <span class="sect2">
- <a href="ch05s03s07.html">3.7.
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Image Browser</span>
- </a>
- </span>
- </dt>
- </dl>
- </dd>
- </dl>
- </div>
- <p>
- This chapter is about getting images into GIMP. It explains how to
- create new images, how to load images from files, how to scan them and
- how to make screenshots.
- </p>
- <p>
- But in the first place we want to introduce you to the general
- structure of images in GIMP.
- </p>
- <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
- <div class="titlepage">
- <div>
- <div>
- <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="gimp-concepts-image-types"></a>1. 
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Image Types</span>
- </h2>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <a id="id2587866" class="indexterm"></a>
- <p>
- It is tempting to think of an <span class="emphasis"><em>image</em></span> as
- something that corresponds with a single display window, or to a
- single file such as a <a class="link" href="gimp-images-out.html#file-jpeg-load">JPEG</a>
- file, but really a GIMP image is a rather complicated structure,
- containing a stack of layers plus several other types of objects:
- a selection mask, a set of channels, a set of paths, an "undo"
- history, etc. In this section we are going to take a detailed
- look at all of the components of an image, and the things you can
- do with them.
- </p>
- <p>
- The most basic property of an image is its
- <span class="emphasis"><em>mode</em></span>. There are three possible modes: RGB,
- grayscale, and indexed. RGB stands
- for Red-Green-Blue, and indicates that each point in the image
- is represented by a “<span class="quote">red</span>” level, a “<span class="quote">green</span>”
- level, and a “<span class="quote">blue</span>”
- level. Because every humanly distinguishable color can be
- represented as a combination of red, green, and blue, RGB images
- are full-color. Each color channel has 256 possible intensity
- levels. More details in <a class="link" href="glossary.html#glossary-colormodel" title="Color model">
- Color Models</a>
- </p>
- <p>
- In a grayscale image, each point is represented by a brightness
- value, ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white), with intermediate
- values representing different levels of gray.
- </p>
- <div class="figure">
- <a id="id2587941"></a>
- <p class="title">
- <b>Figure 5.1. 
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Components of the RGB and CMY Color Model</span>
- </b>
- </p>
- <div class="figure-contents">
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/glossary/color-model-additive.png" alt="Components of the RGB and CMY Color Model" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>
- In the RGB Color Model, mixing Red, Green and Blue gives White.
- That's what happens on your screen.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/glossary/color-model-subtractive.png" alt="Components of the RGB and CMY Color Model" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>
- In the CMY(K) color model, mixing Cyan, Magenta and Yellow gives
- Black. That's what happens when you print on a white paper. The
- printer will actually use the black cartridge for economical
- reasons and better color rendering.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <br class="figure-break" />
- <p>
- Essentially the difference between a grayscale image and an RGB
- image is the number of “<span class="quote">color channels</span>”: a grayscale image
- has one; an RGB image has three. An RGB image can be thought of as
- three superimposed grayscale images, one colored red, one green,
- and one blue.
- </p>
- <p>
- Actually, both RGB and grayscale images have one additional
- color channel, called the <span class="emphasis"><em>alpha</em></span> channel,
- representing opacity. When the alpha value at a given location
- in a given layer is zero, the layer is completely transparent,
- and the color at that location is determined by what lies
- underneath. When alpha is maximal, the layer is opaque, and the
- color is determined by the color of the layer. Intermediate
- alpha values correspond to varying degrees of translucency: the
- color at the location is a proportional mixture of color from the
- layer and color from underneath.
- </p>
- <div class="figure">
- <a id="id2588044"></a>
- <p class="title">
- <b>Figure 5.2. 
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">
- Example of an image in RGB and Grayscale mode
- </span>
- </b>
- </p>
- <div class="figure-contents">
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/wilber-channel-rgb.png" alt="Example of an image in RGB and Grayscale mode" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>
- An image in RGB mode, with the channels corresponding to Red,
- Green and Blue.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/using/wilber-channel-gray.png" alt="Example of an image in RGB and Grayscale mode" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>
- An image in Grayscale mode, with the channel corresponding to
- Luminosity.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <br class="figure-break" />
- <p>
- In GIMP, every color channel, including the alpha channel, has a range
- of possible values from 0 to 255; in computing terminology, a depth of 8
- bits. Some digital cameras can produce image files with a depth of 16
- bits per color channel. GIMP cannot load such a file without losing
- resolution. In most cases the effects are too subtle to be detected by
- the human eye, but in some cases, mainly where there are large areas
- with slowly varying color gradients, the difference may be perceptible.
- </p>
- <div class="figure">
- <a id="id2588126"></a>
- <p class="title">
- <b>Figure 5.3. 
- <span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Example of an image with alpha channel</span>
- </b>
- </p>
- <div class="figure-contents">
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/dialogs/wilber-channels-red.png" alt="Example of an image with alpha channel" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>Red channel</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/dialogs/wilber-channels-green.png" alt="Example of an image with alpha channel" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>Green channel</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/dialogs/wilber-channels-blue.png" alt="Example of an image with alpha channel" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>Blue channel</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/dialogs/wilber-channels-alpha.png" alt="Example of an image with alpha channel" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>
- The Alpha channel shows the image area which is transparent.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="mediaobject">
- <img src="../images/dialogs/wilber-channels-combined.png" alt="Example of an image with alpha channel" />
- <div class="caption">
- <p>
- A color image in RGB mode with an Alpha channel.
- </p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <br class="figure-break" />
- <p>
- The third type, <span class="emphasis"><em>indexed</em></span>
- images, is a bit more complicated to understand. In an indexed image,
- only a limited set of discrete colors are used, usually 256 or less.
- These colors form the “<span class="quote">colormap</span>” of the image, and each
- point in the image is assigned a color from the colormap. Indexed images
- have the advantage that they can be represented inside a computer in a
- way which consumes relatively little memory, and back in the dark ages
- (say, ten years ago), they were very commonly used. As time goes on, they
- are used less and less, but they are still important enough to be worth
- supporting in GIMP. (Also, there are a few important kinds of image
- manipulation that are easier to implement with indexed images than with
- continuous-color RGB images.)
- </p>
- <p>
- Some very commonly used types of files (including
- <a class="link" href="gimp-images-out.html#file-gif-load">GIF</a> and
- <a class="link" href="gimp-images-out.html#file-png-load">PNG</a>) produce
- indexed images when they are opened in GIMP. Many of GIMP's
- tools don't work very well on indexed images–and many filters
- don't work at all–because of the limited number of colors
- available. Because of this, it is usually best to convert an
- image to RGB mode before working on it. If necessary, you can
- convert it back to indexed mode when you are ready to save it
- </p>
- <p>
- GIMP makes it easy to convert from one image type to another,
- using the <a class="link" href="gimp-image-mode.html" title="9.3.  Mode">Mode</a> command in
- the Image menu. Some types of conversions, of course (RGB to
- grayscale or indexed, for example) lose information that cannot
- be regained by converting back in the other direction.
- </p>
- <div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
- <table border="0" summary="Note">
- <tr>
- <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25">
- <img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" />
- </td>
- <th align="left">Note</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td align="left" valign="top">
- <p>
- If you are trying to use a filter on an image, and it appears grayed out
- in the menu, usually the cause is that the image (or, more specifically,
- the layer) you are working on is the wrong type. Many filters can't be
- used on indexed images. Some can be used only on RGB images, or only on
- grayscale images. Some also require the presence or absence of an alpha
- channel. Usually the fix is to convert the image to a different type,
- most commonly RGB.
- </p>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
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